Lesson Overview

We use tables to display data in rows and columns. You can determine the number of rows and columns using special table elements, and you can add row and column headings, as well as a heading for the entire table. An intersection of a row and a column is a cell. Table cells can span multiple rows and/or columns. You can change the appearance of your table's borders, colours, and cell alignment using CSS. This lesson focuses on the HTML code required to create accessible tables.

The Table Elements

A table is made up of several different elements:

Basic Table Structure

<table>

The main container for the table.

All other table elements are descendants of the <table> element.

The <table> element is not allowed to have children other than the other table elements (but a <table> should not contain another <table> element).

<tr>

The Table Row element

Defines a single row of cells in the table.

The <tr> element's children should only consist of <td> and <th> elements (each of which defines a single cell).

<td>

The Table Data element

Defines a single cell in a table row.

<td> generally contains the content of the cell it defines.

This CodePen shows how each of the three basic structure elements are used to create a basic table:

See the Pen Basic Table Example 1a by Wendi Jollymore (@ProfWendi) on CodePen.

It's important to note that by default, a table and its cells don't have borders: I've added some in the CSS tab of the CodePen. Feel free to fork the CodePen or copy the code so you can have a basic template that you can use to create tables with borders.

Note also that you only need to define the table itself, and then the rows of the table, and then the cells in each row. You do not need to define the actual colummns: they are automaticaly defined when you add cells (table data elements) to each table row. For example, in the CodePen, each table row element contains 3 TD elements, so therefore each row contains 3 cells, causing the table to have 3 columns.

Of course, you could write code that places a different number of cells in each row of a table. We'll talk about this in the next section when we talk about spanning rows and columns.

Exercise

Fork the CodePen below (or copy the code, if you prefer) and use it to create a table like the one in the image below.

See the Pen Basic Table Exercise 1 by Wendi Jollymore (@ProfWendi) on CodePen.

Check your Answer

Table Headings

Tables make much more sense when you add row and/or column headings and titles. This also sometimes adds issues for users with screen readers, so it's important that you review your tables and think about how they will work for users that are visually impaired.

Row and Column Headings

A heading is just a cell that sits on top of a column or at the beginning of a row, although you can technically add heading cells anywhere in your table. You can add a row or column heading by using the <th> (Table Header) element instead of the <td> element for a cell. The <th> element's content is automatically centered and displayed in a bold font, but you can customize this later with CSS.

Here is an example of a table with both row and column headings:

See the Pen Basic Table Example 1b by Wendi Jollymore (@ProfWendi) on CodePen.

When using the <th> element, you should use the scope attribute to define the context of the table header: this is important for screen readers so that a user knows if the header is a row header or column header. Use scope="col" for a column header and scope="row" for a row header.

Sometimes your table might have a cell that intersects the first row and column that contains no heading text at all. For this, you would use an empty <td> element, since it has no meaningful content for a screen reader. You can see a working example of this in the page W3C-WAI Tutorial: Tables with Two Headers. Example 1 is a great example of this, and you can also start to imagine how difficult it will be for a user with a screen-reader to read this kind of table without the use of the scope attribute!

Table Captions

The <caption> element adds a title or description to the table. This element is optional, but if it is used, it must be the first child element of the <table> element. The caption element also helps users with low vision or screen readers: they can read/hear the caption first and then decide if they should skip over the table or not.

Here's a practical example with the <caption> element, and also row and column headings. Notice that by default, the caption appears above and outside the table, but you can change this with CSS.

See the Pen Basic Table Example 2 by Wendi Jollymore (@ProfWendi) on CodePen.

Exercise

Fork the CodePen below (or copy the code, if you prefer) and use it to create a table like the one in the image below.

See the Pen Basic Table Exercise 2 by Wendi Jollymore (@ProfWendi) on CodePen.

Check your Answer

Spanning Rows and Columns

It's common to have table cells that span multiple rows and/or multiple columns. For example, the table below has a column header ("Average") that spans across 2 columns (the 2nd and 3rd columns), and another header ("# Participants") that spans 2 rows (the 1st and 2nd rows).

To span multiple columns, you add the colspan attribute to the <th> or <td> element, and assign colspan the number of columns you want the cell to take.

See the Pen ColSpan Example by Wendi Jollymore (@ProfWendi) on CodePen.

Notice that in the above example, the "Original Trilogy" cell spans across 3 columns, so it has the colspan="3" attribute. It also has the scope="colgroup": this aids accessibility, telling a screen-reader-user that this column heading is for a group of columns, and not a single column.

To span multiple rows, you add the rowspan attribute to the <th> or <td> element, and assign rowspan the number of rows you want the cell to take.

See the Pen RowSpan Example by Wendi Jollymore (@ProfWendi) on CodePen.

Notice that in the above example, the "Original Trilogy" cell spans down 3 rows, so it has the rowspan="3" attribute. It also has the scope="rowgroup": this aids accessibility, telling a screen-reader-user that this row heading is for a group of rows, and not a single row.

Coding around a cell with a rowspan is a bit more difficult than coding around one with a colspan. The best way to get the hang of it is to practice! We'll go through one example below, and then you can try some exercises on your own.

If you're stuck trying to figure out which cells should have colspan and which cells should have rowspan, it's helpful to sketch your table and draw lines where the obvious rows and columns are. In the image below, you can see that I added the red dashed lines where I saw rows and columns. It's clear by counting between the red lines that there are four rows and four columns.

You can clearly see that the "Average" cell spans across columns 2 and 3: this is shown by the red dashed line running down the middle of the cell. Similarly, you can also clearly see the "# Participants" cell spans down rows 1 and 2: this is shown by the red dashed line running across the middle of the cell. This tells you that the "Average" cell takes up 2 columns, and the "# Participants" cell takes up 2 rows.

If you examine all the other cells, you'll see that none of them have the red dashed line running through them, therefore they all take up 1 row and 1 column (which is the default for all TD and TH elements).

To start coding the table, you add the <table> container and then go row by row. If you would like to try this demo, you might wish to fork one of the earlier CodePens so that you have the CSS that adds the borders to your table, otherwise this will be a bit difficult to see.

For example, let's look at the code for the first row of the table:

<table>
    <tr>
      <td>&nbsp;</td>
      <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">Average</th>
      <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"># Particpants</th>
  </tr>
</table>

Each row consists of 4 cells. The first row has the following cells:

1. The empty cell that intersects the column with the row headers and the row with the column headers.
2. The cell with the header "Average". This takes up 2 columns.
3. The cell with the header "# Participants", which takes up one cell. This cell does take up two rows, though.. so we add rowspan="2" but we'll discuss further this in a moment.

So we've defined three cells, but one of those cells takes up 2 columns.

Now we can tackle the second row. The second row has the following cells:

1. The "Time of Day" header cell.
2. The "Completed" header cell.
3. The "Attendance" header cell.

We do also have the "# Participants" cell, but remember: we already created this in row 1 with a rowspan of 2, so it already exists. We don't need to create it again.

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
      <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">Average</th>
      <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"># Particpants</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th scope="col">Time of Day</th>
      <th scope="col">Completed</th>
      <th scope="col">Attendance</th>
    </tr>
</table>

This was actually the hardest part of coding the table! The rest is easy!

Our second and third rows consist of four regular TD cells each:

<table>
    <tr>
      <td>&nbsp;</td>
        <th scope="colgroup" colspan="2">Average</th>
        <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2"># Particpants</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th scope="col">Time of Day</th>
        <th scope="col">Completed</th>
        <th scope="col">Attendance</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Day</td>
        <td>78%</td>
        <td>57%</td>
        <td>248</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Evening</td>
        <td>91%</td>
        <td>80%</td>
        <td>125</td>
      </tr>
  </table>